More than 95% of Quebec's territory lies within the Canadian Shield. The act also allowed the French speakers, known as Canadiens, to maintain French civil law and sanctioned freedom of religion, allowing the Roman Catholic Church to remain, one of the first cases in history of state-sanctioned freedom of religious practice. By 1756, France and Britain were battling the Seven Years' War worldwide. Most of Quebec's population lives in this area of vegetation, almost entirely along the banks of the St. Lawrence. While the province's substantial natural resources have long been the mainstay of its economy, sectors of the knowledge economy such as aerospace, information and communication technologies, biotechnology, and the pharmaceutical industry also play leading roles. Most of the French were farmers ("Canadiens" or "Habitants"), and the rate of population growth among the settlers themselves was very high.[85]. In western Quebec, the average altitude is about 500 metres, while in the Gaspé Peninsula, the Appalachian peaks (especially the Chic-Choc) are among the highest in Quebec, exceeding 1000 metres. It is rich in the forestry, mineral and hydro-electric resources that are a mainstay of the Quebec economy. [82] The population grew slowly under French rule,[83] thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration. The government of Quebec awards an order of merit called the National Order of Quebec. [39] Further south, the climate is conducive to the growth of the Canadian boreal forest, bounded on the north by the taiga. [25] In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the local aboriginal peoples. Many literary works reproduce the daily lives of the past, following the social and cultural traditions of Quebec television series reproducing the old days[240] such as the trilogy of Pierre Gauvreau (Le Temps d'une paix, Cormoran and Le Volcan tranquille), La Famille Plouffe, Les Belles Histoires des Pays-d'en-Haut, La Petite Patrie, Entre chien et loup, Les Filles de Caleb, Blanche, Au nom du père et du fils, Marguerite Volant, Nos Étés or Musée Éden, among others. [178] The spending on research and development reached some 7.824 billion dollars in 2007, roughly the equivalent of 2.63% of Quebec's GDP. In 1758, the British mounted an attack on New France by sea and took the French fort at Louisbourg. [174] Moreover, as a major centre of exploration for diamonds,[175] Quebec has seen, since 2002, an increase in its mineral explorations, particularly in the Northwest as well as in the Otish Mountains and the Torngat Mountains. From French Québec, from Algonquin kepék (“(it) narrows”), originally referring to the area around Quebec City where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff-lined gap. [168] This industry employs 68,000 people in several regions of Quebec. What worked for Carleton in 1774 was not likely to succeed in 1784. [177], The government of Quebec has launched the Stratégie québécoise de la recherche et de l'innovation (SQRI) in 2007 which aims to promote development through research, science and technology. [186], The Canadian Space Agency was established in Quebec due to its major role in this research field. [118][119]. Quebec has subdivisions at the regional, supralocal and local levels. The Saint Lawrence River with its estuary forms the basis of Quebec's development through the centuries. Émile Nelligan, a Quebec poet famous for his poem Winter evening, First influenced since the days of New France by Catholicism, with works from Frère Luc (Brother Luke) and more recently from Ozias Leduc and Guido Nincheri, art of Quebec has developed around the specific characteristics of its landscapes and cultural, historical, social and political representations.[231]. [149] In June 2017 S&P rated Quebec as an AA- credit risk, surpassing Ontario for the first time. You say ouch? Only groups with 1.5 percent or more of respondents are shown.[134]. Lévesque insisted Quebec be able to veto any future constitutional amendments. [191][192] Olivier Daigle and Claude Carignan, astrophysicists from Université de Montréal have invented an astronomical camera approximately 500 times more powerful than those currently on the market. [26] In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The large land wildlife is mainly composed of the white-tailed deer, the moose, the muskox, the caribou, the American black bear and the polar bear. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. From the early 17th century, French settlers populating North America were interested in a new cuisine to confront the climate and the needs arising from the work of colonization. HR 8799 is the first direct observation of an exoplanet in history. Like most industrialized countries, the economy of Quebec is based mainly on the services sector. Quebec stands out particularly in the mining sector, ranking among the top ten areas to do business in mining. To secure the allegiance of the approximately 90,000 French-speaking Canadians to the British crown, first Governor James Murray and later Governor Guy Carleton promoted the need for change. The vast majority (90.5%) of Quebec's forests are publicly owned. Given a warmer climate, the diversity of organisms is also higher, since there are about 850 plant species and 280 vertebrates species. From La Bolduc in the 1920s–1930s to the contemporary artists, the music in Quebec has announced multiple songwriters and performers, pop singers and crooners, music groups and many more. [55], Inland waters are populated by small to large fresh water fish, such as the largemouth bass, the American pickerel, the walleye, the Acipenser oxyrinchus, the muskellunge, the Atlantic cod, the Arctic char, the brook trout, the Microgadus tomcod (tomcod), the Atlantic salmon, the rainbow trout, etc.[56]. Accessed 10 Oct. 2020. After his loss in the referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new constitution with Trudeau, his minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and the nine other provincial premiers. [178] Quebec is ranked, as of March 2011, 13th in the world in terms of investment in research and development. Beginning in 1963, a paramilitary group that became known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade-long programme of propaganda and terrorism that included bombings, robberies and attacks[105] directed primarily at English institutions, resulting in at least five deaths. The swelling numbers of English encouraged them to make greater demands for recognition with the colonial government. After the rebellions, Lord Durham was asked to undertake a study and prepare a report on the matter and to offer a solution for the British Parliament to assess. However, the accented forms are increasingly evident in some publications. [166], The pulp and paper industries generate annual shipments valued at more than $14 billion. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.[15]. There is a significant undercount, as many of the largest Indian bands regularly refuse to participate in Canadian censuses for political reasons regarding the question of aboriginal sovereignty. Popular French-language contemporary writers include Louis Caron, Suzanne Jacob, Yves Beauchemin, and Gilles Archambault. Mavis Gallant, born in Quebec, lived in Paris from the 1950s onward. Afable, Patricia O. and Madison S. Beeler (1996).

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