Because the Senate and House of Representatives would have almost the same law-making powers, the delegates realised a way to break deadlocks between the 2 houses was needed. They also reflected resentment towards Pacific Islanders who worked in Queensland's sugar industry. Sir Henry Parkes looks on. Figure 2: A Cartoon depiction Anti-Chinese Sentiments. The House of Representatives was to be elected based on population, with members representing. No longer shall there exist those artificial barriers which have divided brother from brother. The first federal elections for the new Australian Parliament were held on 29 and 30 March 1901. What was the main reason? Australian Federation is the process by which six British colonies in Australia, Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania, united and became the Commonwealth of Australia. He found the colonies did not have enough soldiers, weapons or ammunition to adequately defend themselves. The convention spent 5 weeks discussing and writing a draft constitution, which became the basis for the constitution we have today. People also began to fear invasions from powerful nations like Russia and France who had already colonized some parts of the Pacific. Home » Countries » Australia » Reasons for Australian Federation. Australia became its own nation in 1901, establishing a system of federation. The sentiment of unity and patriotism was rapidly spreading among people in the colonies. Western Australian Premier John Forrest did not attend. Key features of the draft constitution included: The convention delegates took the draft constitution back to their colonial parliaments for consideration and approval. This colour engraving shows the official opening of the of the first federal Parliament. The Senate then met at 1.10pm in the Legislative Council and the House of Representatives met at 2.30pm in the Legislative Assembly for the first session of federal Parliament. Several had also participated in the drafting of the Constitution and were active in the push for federation—10 had been at the 1891 National Australasian Convention and 25 attended the second National Australasian Convention. When the Treaty was canceled, the BNA colonies wanted to trade freely. 1. The colonies thought a united defence force could better protect Australia. The Victorian Parliament House remained the temporary home of federal Parliament until 1927, when a new Parliament House was opened in Canberra. Six men each carrying a rolled-up piece of paper rush across the centre of the country towards New South Wales Premier Sire George Reid standing on the steps of the New South Wales Parliament House. Members of the Australasian Federation Convention, 1890. Before federation, the six states had their own militia, which consisted of a small permanent force and volunteers. The following year the Bathurst Federation League, frustrated by the inaction of the colonial parliaments, held a second people's conference at which over 150 delegates renewed calls for a new federation convention. By the 1880s the inefficiency of this system, a growing unity among colonists and a belief that a national government was needed to deal with issues such as trade, defence and immigration saw popular support for federation grow. While tariffs provided the colonial governments with much revenue, they restricted trade and movement between the colonies. “1886 Anti-Chinese Cartoon from Australia” (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia. A group of men under the dome are gathered around a table. Senators would be directly elected by the people of each state instead of being selected by state parliaments. Lord Hopetoun being sworn in as the Australian Governor-General. 1. Australian Federation was the process by which the six colonies in the Australian continents unified and became to be known as the Commonwealth of Australia. Decorations hang from the dome. Photo: Dragi Markovic, In the cente of a ring of kangaroos stands a lion wearing a green jacket and carrying a cricket bat. By then, sentiments of unity and nationalism were rapidly spreading across the states, and colonists began to see the benefits of uniting as one nation and coming under one system of government that dealt with trade and defense. The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 was passed by the British Parliament on 5 July 1900. The constitution had to be agreed to by the British Parliament before federation could proceed. Queensland had waited to see whether New South Wales would federate before it held its referendum. Australia floats on an ocean and the ANA (Australian Natives Association) sun shines down. During this time, the Victorian Parliament met in the Exhibition Building. In the late 19th century many people did not support immigration from non-British countries. Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, urges the colonies to federate. Sir Robert Garran, who was active in the federation movement, later reflected that the colonies were united by a combination of 'fear, national sentiment and self-interest'. This would help the comunication factor that played a big part in the Confederation. 109589. Tariffs increased the cost of goods and made it hard for manufacturers based outside a colony to compete with local producers. His cap is printed with a Union Jack. Prior to federation, the colonies were ill-equipped to defend themselves. The above-explained causes are the main reasons for Australian Federation. Once it realised the other colonies would go ahead without it, the Western Australian colonial parliament reversed its opposition to federation. Her areas of interests include literature, language, linguistics and also food. During this time, sporting teams had begun to represent Australia and soldiers who went from the colonies to Boer war in South Africa in 1899, served as Australians. Economic depression means the colonial parliaments lose interest in federation. By 1900 there was widespread support for federation, particularly among the large number of new settlers from the eastern Australian colonies who had moved to Western Australia as a result of the gold rush. The report recommended a national defence force be established. The Duke of Cornwall and York, dressed in full military uniform, reads from a book. A sepia toned photograph of a group of men in formal attire in front of a portico of a building. Get to know the people and work of the Parliamentary Education Office, contact us and discover how to use our website. The main reasons for the establishment of Australia’s Federation included the growing national sentiments, and the need for a federal government that dealt with defense, tariffs, and immigration. Become an expert in teaching about the Australian Parliament with our curriculum-aligned education. Many Australians welcomed nationhood. Federation's greatest champion, Parkes, retired from politics and following New South Wales governments did not share his passion for federation. The referendum was passed in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. In 1877 an intercolonial cricket team represented Australia in the first test match against England. Reason #1A Railway Linking the Colonies. This would allow for Canada East and Canada West to have its own government rights. The convention also agreed to a proposal by Tasmanian Premier Sir Edward Braddon to return to the states three-quarters of the customs and excise tariffs collected by the federal government. Trade restrictions also made travelling between colonies difficult; the train journey between Melbourne and Sydney was delayed at the border in Albury while customs officials searched passengers' luggage. In his address, the Duke told the gathering: It is His Majesty's [King Edward VII] earnest prayer that this union so happily achieved may, under God's blessing, prove an instrument for still further promoting the welfare and advancement of his subjects in Australia and for the strengthening and consolidation of his Empire. Federation made Australia its own nation, with a federal parliament and a constitution that could make laws on behalf of the whole Australia. Across Australia people celebrated with parades, processions, school pageants, firework displays, sporting events, 'conversaziones'—discussion evenings—and special dinners. New South Wales Premier, Sir Henry Parkes, referred to this as 'the crimson thread of kinship that runs through us all'. The kangaroos wear blue and white stiped jackets with a yellow waist band. by Before the Australian Federation, the six colonies existed like separate countries, each having its own government and laws, defense force, railway system, and tariffs. Australian Constitution was then passed as a British Act of Parliament called the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. In June 1898 referendums were held in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. In order to win the support of the New South Wales and Queensland colonial parliaments, the premiers made some further changes to the draft constitution. Reasons for Australian Federation      – Causes for Unification and Federation. "', Sporting union predated federation. This in-depth paper explores the reasons for federation, the federation conventions and the referendums in which the Australian people decided to join together as a nation. On 16 March 1898 the convention agreed to the draft constitution. They also agreed the federal Parliament would only be required to return customs and excise tariffs to the states for the first 10 years of federation. Reason #5Great Britain Wanted her Colonies to be More Self-Sufficient.This is the last, and final reason for Confederation. Finally, in March 1896, elections for convention delegates were held in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. The first National Australasian Convention was held in Sydney in March and April 1891. 'Braddon's Blot', as it was called by its critics, was designed to reassure smaller states who were worried they would be worse-off under federation. “Flag map of Australia (Australian Federation)” By DrRandomFactor – Own work (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Commons Wikimedia 2. Question: Outline the main reasons for Federation. The Brisbane Courier welcomed the result and urged all Queenslanders to now unite under 'The Coming Commonwealth': Australia is born: The Australian nation is a fact … Now is accomplished the dream of a continent for a people and a people for a continent. Through our accessible, immersive, experiential programs and resources, the PEO fosters informed, engaged and active citizens of all ages. Majorities were achieved in all colonies. Matt D. 01. The enthusiasm with which Australians greeted federation and the first federal Parliament demonstrated the nation was eager to unite as 'one people'. A sign reads 'Polling Booth Brisbane North'. Three weeks after the Australian Constitution became law in Britain, a referendum was finally held in Western Australia. In March a delegation travels to London to present the constitution to the British Parliament. Need for free trade was one of the main reasons for Australian Federation since uniting the states would result in the abolishment of tariffs and creation of a single market. Hasa has a BA degree in English, French and Translation studies. Eight men stand behind. However, Australia’s Federation was a result of consultation, deliberation, and debate, unlike some other nations that unified due to war or conflict. An overwhelming majority of voters agreed to federate, with double the number of 'yes' votes than 'no' votes. Political deadlock led to the Great Coalition in the United Province of Canada. Clark was inspired by the federal model of the United States, which, like Australia, faced the challenge of bringing together self-governing colonies as a nation. The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO) educates Australians about, and inspires their enthusiasm for, Australia’s parliamentary democracy. Federation happened in 1901 when the six separate Australian colonies came together to … People feared the colonies could be vulnerable to attack from other nations with larger populations and military forces. She is currently reading for a Masters degree in English.

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