However, as the temperature of the universe continued to fall, hadron/anti-hadron pairs were no longer produced. ", "NASA's Hubble and Spitzer Team up to Probe Faraway Galaxies", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, "Why The Big Bang Produced Something Rather Than Nothing - How did matter gain the edge over antimatter in the early universe? [59] Some disputed[60] estimates for the total size of the universe, if finite, reach as high as H "[38][39], It is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative "steady-state" cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative,[40] but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between the two models. [98], The observable universe is isotropic on scales significantly larger than superclusters, meaning that the statistical properties of the universe are the same in all directions as observed from Earth. {\displaystyle H} Like Pythagoras, Plato believed that all things were composed of number, with Empedocles' elements taking the form of the Platonic solids. An example of such multiverses is the one resulting from the chaotic inflation model of the early universe. [37] Synonyms are also found in Latin authors (totum, mundus, natura)[38] and survive in modern languages, e.g., the German words Das All, Weltall, and Natur for universe. [67], In the mid-1990s, observations of certain globular clusters appeared to indicate that they were about 15 billion years old, which conflicted with most then-current estimates of the age of the universe (and indeed with the age measured today). [33] The Latin word was used by Cicero and later Latin authors in many of the same senses as the modern English word is used. For baryogenesis to occur, the Sakharov conditions must be satisfied. Adam Cray also briefly took the mantle using stolen equipment, and it was later used by scientist Ryan Choi until his death. For who would place this lamp of a very beautiful temple in another or better place than this wherefrom it can illuminate everything at the same time? He vary as the universe expands (hence we write Likewise, since the early universe did not immediately collapse into a multitude of black holes, matter at that time must have been very evenly distributed with a negligible density gradient.[21]. [113] The Standard Model predicted the existence of the recently discovered Higgs boson, a particle that is a manifestation of a field within the universe that can endow particles with mass. In 1912, Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a "spiral nebula" (spiral nebula is the obsolete term for spiral galaxies), and soon discovered that almost all such nebulae were receding from Earth. This process, known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis, only lasted for about 17 minutes and ended about 20 minutes after the Big Bang, so only the fastest and simplest reactions occurred. , and off by a factor of two for The age of the universe as estimated from the Hubble expansion and the CMB is now in good agreement with other estimates using the ages of the oldest stars, both as measured by applying the theory of stellar evolution to globular clusters and through radiometric dating of individual Population II stars. [34], A term for "universe" among the ancient Greek philosophers from Pythagoras onwards was τὸ πᾶν, tò pân ("the all"), defined as all matter and all space, and τὸ ὅλον, tò hólon ("all things"), which did not necessarily include the void. h [113] The universe may have positive, negative, or zero spatial curvature depending on its total energy density. [8] The present overall density of this type of matter is very low, roughly 4.5 × 10−31 grams per cubic centimetre, corresponding to a density of the order of only one proton for every four cubic metres of volume. An important parameter determining the future evolution of the universe theory is the density parameter, Omega (Ω), defined as the average matter density of the universe divided by a critical value of that density. {\displaystyle \Omega _{\text{b}}} https://dc.fandom.com/wiki/Atom?oldid=2794060. [61] Ironically, it was Hoyle who coined the phrase that came to be applied to Lemaître's theory, referring to it as "this big bang idea" during a BBC Radio broadcast in March 1949. Observations of star formation, galaxy and quasar distributions and larger structures, agree well with Big Bang simulations of the formation of structure in the universe, and are helping to complete details of the theory.[89][90]. [70]:sec 6, If inflation occurred, exponential expansion would push large regions of space well beyond our observable horizon. [88]:191–202, A resolution to this apparent inconsistency is offered by inflationary theory in which a homogeneous and isotropic scalar energy field dominates the universe at some very early period (before baryogenesis). This selects one of three possible geometries depending on whether Ω is equal to, less than, or greater than 1. If the universe were too dense then it would re-collapse into a gravitational singularity. This forum can be used by members of this community to discuss topics related to their wiki. Edwin Hubble confirmed through analysis of galactic redshifts in 1929 that galaxies are indeed drifting apart; this is important observational evidence for an expanding universe. Ray Palmer took the name during the Silver Age, a physics professor at Ivy University who developed equipment to shrink himself down to subatomic levels while maintaining … [21], Historically, there have been many ideas of the cosmos (cosmologies) and its origin (cosmogonies). {\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}} [145] Over the centuries, improvements in astronomical observations and theories of motion and gravitation led to ever more accurate descriptions of the universe. [1][2][3] The model describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of extremely high density and high temperature,[4] and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, and large-scale structure. [13][14] Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Uniform cooling of the CMB over billions of years is explainable only if the universe is experiencing a metric expansion, and excludes the possibility that we are near the unique center of an explosion. In addition, the assumption that the universe is mostly normal matter led to predictions that were strongly inconsistent with observations. Democritus, and later philosophers—most notably Leucippus—proposed that the universe is composed of indivisible atoms moving through a void (vacuum), although Aristotle did not believe that to be feasible because air, like water, offers resistance to motion. [111], Ordinary matter and the forces that act on matter can be described in terms of elementary particles. More recent evidence includes observations of galaxy formation and evolution, and the distribution of large-scale cosmic structures,[72] These are sometimes called the "four pillars" of the Big Bang theory.[73]. The entire collection of these separate spacetimes is denoted as the multiverse. [108] As a matter of fact, the great majority of ordinary matter in the universe is unseen, since visible stars and gas inside galaxies and clusters account for less than 10 per cent of the ordinary matter contribution to the mass-energy density of the universe.[109]. [140][141] However, the arguments used are of speculative nature. The same synonyms are found in English, such as everything (as in the theory of everything), the cosmos (as in cosmology), the world (as in the many-worlds interpretation), and nature (as in natural laws or natural philosophy).[39]. [42][39][notes 3] For a while, support was split between these two theories. If k=1, the curvature is positive and the universe has a finite volume. Parmenides denoted this reality as τὸ ἐν (The One). expressed as a fraction of the total matter/energy density, which is about 0.046), and the corresponding cold dark matter density By analogy, an infinite plane has zero curvature but infinite area, whereas an infinite cylinder is finite in one direction and a torus is finite in both. The topology or geometry of the universe includes both local geometry in the observable universe and global geometry. The agreement is excellent for deuterium, close but formally discrepant for From studying the movement of galaxies, it has been discovered that the universe contains much more matter than is accounted for by visible objects; stars, galaxies, nebulas and interstellar gas. Distant regions of space are assumed to exist and to be part of reality as much as we are, even though we can never interact with them. [102], An explanation for why the expansion of the universe is accelerating remains elusive. D Roughly a century before Copernicus, the Christian scholar Nicholas of Cusa also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis in his book, On Learned Ignorance (1440). ", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, BBC News – 'Multiverse' theory suggested by microwave background, "Universe Should Not Actually Exist: Big Bang Produced Equal Amounts Of Matter And Antimatter", "A parts-per-billion measurement of the antiproton magnetic moment", "Size of the Milky Way Upgraded, Solving Galaxy Puzzle", "How can space travel faster than the speed of light? [65] Meanwhile, during these decades, two questions in observational cosmology that generated much discussion and disagreement were over the precise values of the Hubble Constant[66] and the matter-density of the universe (before the discovery of dark energy, thought to be the key predictor for the eventual fate of the universe). [129] The value of R as a function of time t depends upon k and the cosmological constant Λ. Max Tegmark developed a four-part classification scheme for the different types of multiverses that scientists have suggested in response to various Physics problems. [24]:180–186, A related issue to the classic horizon problem arises because in most standard cosmological inflation models, inflation ceases well before electroweak symmetry breaking occurs, so inflation should not be able to prevent large-scale discontinuities in the electroweak vacuum since distant parts of the observable universe were causally separate when the electroweak epoch ended. Big Bang nucleosynthesis shut down after about 20 minutes due to the rapid drop in temperature and density of the expanding universe. Dark matter, a mysterious form of matter that has not yet been identified, accounts for 26.8% of the cosmic contents. Any other element was only formed in very tiny quantities. Li It is possible to conceive of disconnected spacetimes, each existing but unable to interact with one another. These particles make up most of the mass of the visible matter in the universe and compose the nucleus of every atom. How the initial state of the universe originated is still an open question, but the Big Bang model does constrain some of its characteristics. According to Aristotle's physical interpretation of the model, celestial spheres eternally rotate with uniform motion around a stationary Earth.

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