The Assange Extradition Case is an Unprecedented Attack on Press Freedom, So Why’s the Media Largely Ignoring It? Most of Krim’s close collaborators had taken French offers of exile. (5) World Bank, An international financing institution providing loans, credits, guarantees and technical assistance to developing countries and countries in transition. This advance netted the Riffians 51 cannons, 16,000 shells, 35 mortars with 10,000 rounds, 200 machine guns, 5,000 rifles, 60,000 grenades, and about 2,000 prisoners, mostly Moroccan ‘irregulars,’ while inflicting numerous casualties on the French. Abd el-Krim sent diplomatic representatives to London and Paris to try to establish diplomatic relations with Europe. Nor was their bombing effective, because it was seldom coordinated with objectives on the ground. Their objective was Chechaouen, a picturesque collection of whitewashed houses under pointed red-tiled roofs that stood in a gorge forty mountainous miles from Tétouan in the central Rif Mountains. The French war machine rumbled into action, slowly building deliberate but crushing momentum. It is difficult not to be in awe of Morocco’s history. Sultan Mulay Yussef, revered in Morocco as a descendent of the Prophet, traveled to the front to shore up the loyalty of wavering tribes and to lend credence to the French argument that they were defending Moroccan territorial integrity, Islamic legitimacy, and internationally recognized agreements. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. Surviving posts came under repeated assault by tribes eager to jump on Krim’s bandwagon. Successful uprisings, such as the revolutions in Santo Domingo and others in the British and Spanish colonies in the Americas, had succeeded because of contingent factors. Sigourney Weaver, actress; (Aliens film series, Gorillas in the Mist). Krim had reached his culminating point of victory. Manuel Fernández Silvestre was named General Commander of Melilla. On January 28, there were about 100 detainees among USFP members (8), mainly from the party’s youth movement. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 5,000 articles originally published in our various magazines. James Wilson Marshall, discoverer of gold in California. Tribesmen wandered out of the hills in the expectation of an encore. Abd el-Krim surrenders to the French in 1926 putting an end to the Third Rif War. Africanistas oscillated between rage and depression; Franco had to be talked out of arresting Primo when he traveled to Morocco to supervise the evacuation. By 1921, as the Spanish congratulated themselves on the occupation of Chechaouen, Krim, together with his younger brother (his father had died after eating poisoned eggs allegedly supplied by the Spanish), collected between three and six thousand notoriously factious tribesmen for a campaign to free the Riffians from Spanish rule. Battalions of conscripts poured in from Spain, along with armored cars and planes, raising the Spanish occupation force to one hundred fifty thousand men. (8) MAP Maghreb Arab Press, Moroccan State Press Agency. (6) FAZ De Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, a national German newspaper. This was a good tactic considering most of the soldiers on the campaign were inexperienced, underpaid, undernourished and under armed, as well as being terribly afraid of the Rif forces. Paul Hogan, comedian, actor; won Golden Globe for his role as "Crocodile" Dundee (1986). The Spanish had suffered the worst military disaster in the history of European colonialism, besting by several thousand deaths the Italian debacle at Adowa in Ethiopia in 1896. The hero of the ‘Arab Revolt’ proved—at least to his satisfaction—that with proper organization and strategy, indigenous resistance could triumph over modern, or at least modernized, conventional forces. Once they had surmounted their desire for revenge, even the Spanish understood that the best policy was to offer positions in the imperial administration to their erstwhile enemies. Meanwhile, Spanish dictator Primo de Rivera planned, rehearsed, and supervised an amphibious landing along Alhucemas Bay. Paris could never tolerate a successful independence movement that would threaten the sultanate and require a huge garrison in the French zone. EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Want more? Various foreign journalists in Tetouan were deported and journalists who wanted to visit Melilla and Ceuta Morocco from the Spanish enclaves were not admitted. The Rif or Riff (Berber: Arif, Arrif or Nekkor,ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ Arabic: الريف or النكور) is a geographical and cultural region in northern Morocco.. Spain’s Cortes ordered an investigation, uncovering mammoth army corruption, which ran the gamut from senior officers siphoning off money voted for roads and barracks to junior officers and NCOs selling rations and even weapons outright to the Riffians. Air power, upon which the French had placed great faith, also gave disappointing results, especially after the rebels overran the forward air base at Ain Mediouna. ‘The advance guard had made contact. The streets of Nador were besieged and the inhabitants could not leave their house for days without running the risk of being arrested or executed at their doorstep. ‘He simply looks blankly at a fellow, with very big and very serious eyes, and says: `Execute him,’ and walks away, just like that. It proved easy enough to do—many tribes had been driven to starvation, and to Algeria, by Spanish exactions and punative campaigns. What happened next was to become a familiar story over the next five years: Posts, surrounded and cut off, heliographed desperate pleas for aid announcing the imminent exhaustion of munitions and water. Neglect is the criminal. His only hope was that Paris and Madrid, both with vocal peace factions that saw Krim as a noble resistance leader, would seek negotiations. During the Igueriben siege was going on some reinforcements had arrived at Annual and some 5,000 men were stationed there. On April 28, 2008 a mass grave was discovered “by accident” near the Tawima military barracks just outside Nador. The artillery (four 65 mm. Not surprisingly, the morning found the soldiers ‘exhausted, pulling our swollen feet back into our boots, we drank scalding coffee, buckled our equipment, loaded the animals, folded the tents, stowed the kit and, as the day broke, set off on another day just like the last,’ Beaufre remembered. Der Aufstand verschärfte sich im Winter 1958/59 weiter.[2]. Worse, 20,000 rifles, 400 machine guns, and 129 cannons had been swept up by the enemy. Der Aufstand im Rif war eine Rebellion von Oktober 1958 bis Februar 1959 im Rifgebirge in Marokko gegen die Regierung von Mohammed V. In einem 18-Punkte-Programm war auch die Rückkehr des Berber -Führers Abd el-Krim gefordert worden. ‘Newcomers like myself did not realize this, but Moroccan veterans shook their heads: we were up against trained fighters who manoeuvred skillfully.’ The elusive Moroccans unsportingly refused to defend ground, preferring to inflict casualties and vanish. To appease Spanish public opinion and send the message that the rebellion was being mastered, Primo de Rivera began to draw down the Spanish presence to around one hundred thousand men. That same evening, King Hassan II delivered a radio and television speech to the nation – the first official mention of the riots – in which he announced the cancellation of the price increases. At first glance, Krim appeared an unlikely Mahdi of mayhem. Rodney Porter, British biochemist and Nobel Proze winner. Legend (1) USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Federation of Republics during the Communist period of Russia between 1922 and 1991, which was in ideological and power struggle with the USA at world level. Relief parties had to march in tight formations over roadless hills, in the searing heat of the Moroccan summer with temperatures reaching 130 degrees, through gantlets of snipers. These modest Spanish successes did not prevent Krim from consolidating power in the central Rif. They managed to resist for a fortnight, but the provisions were too few and the water too little. The efficiency of partisan warfare might be in doubt—these men were extremely reluctant to sell their lives for France, although they might sell their weapons, or at least some of their precious bullets, to the rebels. This page was last edited on 15 September 2020, at 23:51. On the basis of this agreement, the IMF approved a stand-by credit of approximately $ 315 million for Morocco, but this was subsequently suspended because the Moroccan government had not applied the austerity measures sufficiently. He is deported to Reunion Island, from where he escaped two months later. Nevertheless, when a group of tribesmen presented themselves to Silvestre in May 1921 and asked him to cross the Amekran River to establish a post to protect them from Krim, he jumped at the chance. (7) ATMF Association des Travailleurs Maghrébins de France, Association of Moroccan Workers in France. The Rif or Riff (Berber: Arif, Arrif or Nekkor,ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ Arabic: الريف or النكور) is a geographical and cultural region in northern Morocco.. Source:https://medium.com/@AmazighInformatieCentrum/de-rif-opstand-van-januari-1984-c73753a23329, Your email address will not be published. The Worst Part of Trump Paying Zero in Taxes? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Survivors drank liquid from tins of tomatoes and pimentos, vinegar, ink, or cologne before they began drinking urine sweetened with sugar. They terrify the makhzen. He wanted to create a stable state for the Berbers to shield them from the long years of fighting. [1] Im Dezember 1958 erklärte die Regierung Abd el-Krim offiziell zum Nationalhelden und verlieh eine Ehrenpension. Torture, threatening with rape are the usual practices at the Moroccan police stations. Artillery failed to find productive targets among Riffians dispersed in gullies and behind boulders. He believed they were isolated actions. His brain is shattered on the wall. ‘When officers tried to tighten up discipline, matters only got worse,’ he wrote. Moreover, the sultan, regarded as a holy figure in Morocco and whose attitude was critical to the success of any popular uprising, was a French puppet. In September the evacuation of outposts around Chechaouen began. That resistance was orchestrated and channeled by a remarkable leader, Abd el-Krim. Spanish troops reduced villages to heaps of smoldering straw, a few mangled bodies, and feathers of the chickens they liberated. However, in the twentieth century Spain was enticed into Morocco furtively, on the coattails of the French and by permission of London. Krim’s revolt became a symbol that guided and inspired Morocco’s desire for independence. (All Spanish officer POWs had been shot in retaliation for Spain’s bombing of Riffian villages.). Some 8,000 Berbers and 2,000 Spanish government troops were killed during the conflict. As Riffians grumbled, Krim grew testy and treated counsels of compromise as treachery and defeatism. 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